Today’s Poem: Tichborne's Elegy
The wondrous one-hit, the life cut short
“There’s something especially moving,” the poet Brad Leithauser wrote in a 2013 New Yorker essay, “about those poets who, in the mind of the individual reader, have effectively created one poem.” However many poems of Conrad Aiken you might read, really there’s only one poem: “Morning Song,” from “Senlin.” Think of John McRae, and what comes to mind is not a whole body of work, but “In Flanders Fields.” You say, Christopher Smart; I say, “My Cat Jeoffry.” The name of Emma Lazarus has become synonymous with “The New Colossus” (which demonstrates, maybe, that not every one-hit wonder’s one hit is exactly a model of excellence).
The case of Chidiock Tichborne (1562–1586), however, is both obvious and freighted with pathos. Tichborne is a one-hit wonder for the simple reason that he didn’t effectively write one poem. He literally wrote one poem, a lament for life’s brevity, a sad poem made tragic by the fact that its twenty-four-year-old author composed it in the Tower of London, on the eve of his execution.
The son of recusant parents, Tichborne had run afoul of English anti-Catholic law before, for the offense of smuggling religious items into the country on his return from an unsanctioned trip abroad. But in June of 1586, he was recruited as a minor player into the Babington Plot, the objective of which was to assassinate the Protestant Elizabeth I and set her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne. So often the little people get caught first, and so it happened with Tichborne. When the plot was discovered, most of the conspirators scattered. Tichborne, with a leg injury, remained in London to be hunted down by Elizabeth’s spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham, and consigned to trial in August 1586. There he received a conviction and sentence: high treason and death.
Walsingham subsequently arrested the others as well, including the group’s ringleader, Anthony Babington. He saw them all executed, the great and the small, on September 20, 1586. As Tichborne mounted the scaffold, to be hanged, cut down still alive, and disemboweled, he is reported to have said, “I am descended from a house, from two hundred years before the Conquest, never stained till this my misfortune.”
The night before his execution, Tichborne wrote a letter to his wife, Jane, whom he fondly called “Agnes,” a common Tudor endearment echoing the Latin word for lamb. The letter included the verses which we know today as “Tichborne’s Elegy.” Its accomplishment, as verse, bespeaks an age when any educated person, from the queen on down, could write competent verse. That competence meant that when somebody urgently needed to say something, he could say it well. In Tichborne’s case, the inevitable overwhelming of his emotion, on that night when he bade farewell to all the love, hope, and joy of his young life, receives the necessary tempering of craft to raise it to the level of art.
The poem consists of three sestets, or six-line stanzas, rhymed ababcc, in regular iambic pentameter. Each line poses a paradox, a pair of oppositions: “My youth is dead, and yet I am but young,” he writes. “And now I die, and now I am but made” — all seeming impossibilities, but cruelly true. Each stanza ends on the sad, time-conflating refrain “And now I live, and now my life is done.” He had risked this, a reader might say, but the grief of this single poem, its refrain resonating across centuries, begs our pity for a poet’s voice, silenced even as it spoke.
Tichborne’s Elegy
by Chidiock Tichborne
My prime of youth is but a frost of cares, My feast of joy is but a dish of pain, My crop of corn is but a field of tares, And all my good is but vain hope of gain. The day is gone and yet I saw no sun, And now I live, and now my life is done. The spring is past, and yet it hath not sprung, The fruit is dead, and yet the leaves are green, My youth is gone, and yet I am but young, I saw the world, and yet I was not seen, My thread is cut, and yet it was not spun, And now I live, and now my life is done. I sought my death and found it in my womb, I lookt for life and saw it was a shade, I trode the earth and knew it was my tomb, And now I die, and now I am but made. The glass is full, and now the glass is run, And now I live, and now my life is done.
Another poem I haven't seen in a long while. Thank you for such excellent commentary on it, Sally. The poem has what I'd call, from Yeats, a "terrible beauty" -- it is as poetry truly beautiful, but it is about a terrible tragedy of life lost so young. Each line's paradox repays thoughtful meditation on life and death.
I wonder if Tichborne’s wife disseminated this poem and how. Would it not have been dangerous to have a document from a traitor or to circulate one.